Pollution Balostpsos

First topic: a historical perspective

Not yet been drawn to the low quality of the air, but in the past few decades, although the air pollution phenomenon existed since times immemorial due to the combustion of forests and volcanoes, and the result of household use of wood and coal for heating and cooking, and that the contamination occurred, it is considered a local problem temporarily. And the accumulation of waste production and flows of smoke and other pollutants into the atmosphere, has widened its effects beyond the local borders and crystallized as a case of non-local environment, causing problems between neighboring settlements in Egypt gradually, requiring attention and the processing and control. Were not considered to fresh air as a component of social well-being only recently.

Since the Middle Ages, quoted on the impact of air to be toxic to human health and its relationship to the prevalence of certain diseases. The link error between malaria and odors emitted from the swamps and mosquitoes, which is not a breed. Having considered the buildings and cultural heritage and change colors as an indicator of the impact of smoke. In fact, the accumulation of knowledge about the practices of domestic heating and mining operations and industrial devices in the past centuries led to the inference that did not distinguish air pollution as a major problem affecting the health and human life.

The wood was the main source of fuel earlier, and as a result rely on industries have evolved slowly and Tddp the existence of forests in the neighborhood. The discovery of the energy contained in coal and replacing a fuel instead of coal gradually (after the return of Marco Polo from his trip to Asia) motivate Europeans to discover the ground reservoirs in which they live, and thus a reason for the evolution of the industry.

The presence of sulfur is a component of coal has reinforced doubts about the link between air pollution and the spread of some diseases. As a result, there had been a sharp political objections in Britain and Germany on the import of coal and exported. But all these went unheeded by a rising demand for coal for household uses and for power generation in factories and laboratories. The coal was the direct cause of the industrial revolution, and the accompanying smoke symbol of political and economic prosperity for Europe at the expense of countries of the world colonized and enslaved their people and plundered its resources.

Since the beginning of the fourteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, was concerned with air pollution from smoke and other gases emitted from burning coal, and it causes a problem for the local community has developed techniques to control the smoke, and executive programs have been developed to maintain the health of the community and did not take real measures to control pollution until after a disaster and the high mortality rates in major cities.

There have been several local incidents confirm the presence of relatively high concentrations of pollutants other than smoke-toxic nature, many of the materials used in industry and for commercial purposes have caused. The incidents documented incident near the city of Poza Rica Mexico City, where many of the affected persons, and some died as a result of exposure to hydrogen sulfide. And sends chimneys of factories producing metal materials Fumes fumes and fog acid Acid mist contaminates the air. As well as fluorides Flurides Fugitive of aluminum and other industrial sources, which cause damage to livestock in the pastures and farms. Let us not forget unpleasant odors emitted by some industries and cause of the disease and was nominated for the respiratory system.

The burning of oil, Oil and natural gas has reduced the smoke of coal and greatly damaging. The air pollution map correspond with the currently approved distribution of fuel and with the transport network, in addition to other local factors. In the United States, for example, is not limited to, the large areas of the south-west consume large amounts of coal, therefore, high rates of pollution compared to the east coast and south-east and parts of the Midwest, where large industrial complexes, but the fuel component of a mixture of coal and oil and natural gas.

Since the end of World War II, and many parts of the world, the use of petroleum derivatives in the form of oil, gas or oil has increased, and became the only fuel used in transport. As well as in industry, which turned into a new fuel because of its positive features. It has been pointed to the impact of transport on air pollution since 1915. In 1945 was the first time to the impact of petroleum products on the environment.

That most of the pollutants emitted from petroleum products and operations in some way toxic or lead to the nomination and clean bill of health, and even low concentrations compared to the previous sources of energy. Accompanied by chemical reactions and light affect the system is vital, even in very small concentrations. In other words, new energy sources and less polluting but more dangerous.

What consumes the vital sources of energy waste, determines the quality and characteristics. As is the fuel used, it determines the type and amount of waste resulting from the combustion and therefore their properties. Given the climate of the city subject to the effects of the pattern of local industry, with the resulting waste and odors. , But the product on the transfer of energy is a ((heart)) the problem of environmental pollution. Valtbdl probably the case in the quality of air pollution occurs only when the transition to alternative energy sources. So, one can speculate on possible changes in the transition to the adoption of nuclear energy or solar energy, but requires full control of the radiation and the resulting risk of exposure.

Pollution caused by waste the various processes ((combustion, mining, manufacturing, consumption of)) and put it to the surrounding environment without the expense of their impact on society. For this reason, is not free to talk about pollution of the emotions it contains, openly or implicitly, there is someone to add to the environment in which we live is something offensive, unpleasant, or Sam. And pollution is not a state of absolute fear infect everyone, but relative to particular individuals or specific social groups. The term "air pollution" to mean high rates of gases and vapors, or solids suspended in the atmosphere due to negligence and because of human activities that pose waste leading to the low level of the environment. And unpolluted air is not synonymous with fresh air Pure air. The air contains, Regular, materials of dirt and dust and low concentrations, so it is not Bnki. And the air pollution control is necessary when you reach the concentrations of these materials and gases to be so harmful to human health and pose a threat to his life either directly or indirectly ((through its impact on the environment of life and damage to plants needed by the human society)).

Simmons presented a diagram showing the relationship between the waste and pollution, waste is classified into two categories: first, the result of the materials and processed foods such as; forests; fuel and chemical products are organic and inorganic raw materials, metal or metal and synthetic materials such as rocks; cement and glass. Produced to address these atoms of solid materials; waste no membership; waste membership; Hyderukabunip; loss of chemicals during processing and greenhouse gases.

Produces the second category of waste from the modification of energy, Simmons confirms that a key role for industry (32%), and the transport sector (24%) and domestic and commercial (21%) and production of thermal energy (20%). These modifications produce waste Hyderukarbonep; nitrogen oxides; carbon monoxide; sulfur dioxide; solid particles; radioactive waste; noise and heat.

Categories and with some produce goods and chemical products; food; paper and tissue; synthetic material, in turn, lead to the discharge of waste into the environment in the form of solids; liquid; and Energy (Simmons 1974). In other words, all human activity resulting in a residue that may damage the environment unless it is discharged and treated in a measured way. See Figure No. (1) and (2)

In summary, the air pollution caused by human activities, and is affected by natural and social factors operating in the environment. Therefore, studying the subject of air pollution within the field of human geography. More importantly, to absorb the air pollution problem requires an analysis of the network of relationships extending across environmental data, natural and social.

The second topic: air pollutants

1 - Introduction:

Reflect the many definitions of air pollution philosophical background, intellectual and scientific Qailleha and attitudes of society. Overall, that any addition or a derivation of the usual components of air which affects the physical or chemical properties of the elements of air, highly detrimental to the occupants of the center that the air fills (Chambers 1976). The only things that are contaminated when added in concentrations of negative effects on humans; animal; plant or other materials and contaminants, including most of the material of natural or industrial viable pregnancy in the air. Atoms may be solid; liquid droplets or gases; or any combination of these. Also, air pollution from chemical substances over environmental risks, and makes the problem more severe and complex.

Classified as persistent, usually into two main groups: --

(A) those that are emitted into the air directly from their sources, and

(B) produced in the air from the interaction of two or more pollutants, either through direct interaction between the elements of atmosphere, or through the interaction optical Photoactivation or another media. He spoke some of the interactions of chemical, thermal or optical or by certain gases on a hard surface, or helping to provide a means of specific conditions of variability in the properties, which are reflected on the entire ecosystem and \ or on the components of the system itself.

A - the main pollutants:

The main materials of air pollutant substance known forms: solid particles and droplets, and gases that are emitted directly from sources to the atmosphere.

(1) solid particles

Issue of solid waste: industrial processes, vehicle exhaust, soil fragmented and open fire. The dust comes from many sources: What are gathering in the open and free of vegetation and

Many urban sources such as ash, flour, rubber, glass, newspapers, lead, fluoride. The latest report on factories producing ceramic tiles and bricks (bricks), and phosphate fertilizers.

That the ratios of low-lying levels of fluoride in drinking water is beneficial to human health. But for hydrogen fluoride a significant impact on plants, animals and humans. Consists of soot materials and minutes Karbonep Hyderukarboneh result of combustion. Solid particles include minute (less than 100 um) of metallic materials, carbon, tar, tar nesir, Pauline, TeenHelp.org Support, bacteria, oxides, nitrate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, silicate, and a large number of items nested within this group.

Kdhirat solid, they scatter light according to the laws of nature known and according to the wavelength and the size of atoms. And it provides an opportunity to slow the reactions taking place between pollutants that may have been consumed as it is controlled and largely focused on the scattering and gaseous substances in the air. Some in the nature of highly toxic to plants, animals and even, as it will lead to corrosion of metals and other solids accumulate at them. Because she is able to radiation, they increase the amount of radiation in the atmosphere, so there are those who believe their impact boiled genetic operations to plants. Being the dust, they are deposited in accordance with the laws of nature and the state of attraction to form a layer of dust on the clothes and buildings and causing damage to objects in general, aesthetic and subversive.

Coarse particles of solid lead (Qatar 100 um and more) to the same problems mentioned above, but their impact is less because their size does not allow it to enter the human lung or animal, and less interaction with other components of air pollution, and are usually deposited near the sources of emission and not remain in the air for a long time.

(2) floating in the air drops Droplets,

Launches organic elements of a large number of materials in the form of vapors Vapors, and some liquid, and sometimes solid. For each distinct odors are unacceptable, and most have few effects on the environment has always maintained her Kmahe without interaction with other components of the air.

The burning of coal or oil or natural gas in power plants with internal combustion emits Nitrogen oxides and sulfur into the atmosphere. Among the sources that do not burn fuel completely self-propelled machines. And the presence of water vapor in the air, he's working as a solvent for sulfur and nitrogen oxides that are harmful to the environment great, whether its fall acidic precipitation or when staying in the air to act as an intermediary for many chemical reactions.

(3) gases Gases

The constituent gases of the atmosphere with relatively constant rates, except for water vapor. It is noted that most of the emissions into the atmosphere resulting from accidental burning of fossil fuels. And more emission of gases into the atmosphere as a waste are: carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide CO2, sulfur dioxide SO2 and hydrogen sulfide H2S.

Produces carbon monoxide, mainly, on the internal combustion engines. In the United States it is estimated emitted into the atmosphere annually, including the sum of other industrial pollutants. And reach concentrations in the cities between (1 - 55) ppm, and the average in (10) ppm (particle per million). Has in some cases to (100) molecule in one million amid the city of London, for example (Simmons 1974). When you reach to one thousand per molecule in a million be fatal. In Los Angeles up to another (300) molecule in a million. Summed up its impact on the human body to deny the existence of oxygen in the blood Alimoklopin causing suffocation. Fortunately for the rights that gas does not accumulate in the body, remove it from the body back to normal quickly. Vtoterh toxic to humans, without affecting the environment and the changes which

Of the usual percentage of carbon dioxide (310) molecule in a million does not affect this ratio in humans until it reaches the (5000) molecule in a million, was rarely contaminated local levels. In the early nineteenth century, the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, mostly by the burning of fossil fuels. About (14%) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from industrial processes, and is expected to reach as high as (50%) of the industry alone by 2000.

Although the production of less compared Balghazin former, but the sulfur dioxide SO2, more toxic and dangerous. It comes from burning coal and oil in a sulfuric acid plants, and the treatment of mineral ores containing sulfur compounds. This remains a gas in the atmosphere, average, (43) days and then turn to the third sulfur dioxide SO3, and interacts with the water component of sulfuric acid concentrations toxic to plants (0.2) molecule in a million. A negative impact and lead to corrosion of iron and steel, copper, nickel and building materials, container elements Karbonep.

Sulfur dioxide produced in very large quantities in industrial areas - urban areas. And concentrations between (1 - 5) molecules per million lead to negative impacts on human health. This has been a concentration of gas in disaster London (12 \ 1952) (1.34) molecules per million. The share of (3.2) mn molecule in some cities (ibid.). And damaged plants and all animals, as well as the rights of high concentrations of this gas. Vocation and the case with the carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide is one of the major pollutants in urban areas. And the movement of wind with sulfuric acid H2SO4 from Britain to cause acid rain in Scandinavia, leading to a political problem among compact and contiguous.

B - Persistent High School:

Persistent secondary means those formed by interaction of two more, and through the middle third, in the atmosphere, which is the most dangerous of the difficulty of examination and the impossibility of control for the time being at least.

The air masses over the densely populated areas in an unstable state physically and chemically. And the ecosystem as a whole tends vocation if everything in nature, to go towards the minimum free energy. And interaction rates and methods and intermediate steps in the process of pollution are affected by many factors, including: the relative concentration of Mtvaalat; the degree of optical activity; climatic forces (Metrology); the impact of local terrain and the amount of relative humidity in the air.

In the simplest cases, the two components might interact thermally, when a drop of water suspended in the air, the reaction occurs when an analytical form as a result of the interaction of acid fog dissolved oxygen with sulfur dioxide. And to form sulfuric acid in water droplets suspended in the atmosphere occurs accelerate the presence of high oxidizing materials, metal such as iron Almngnes Mn and Fe in these drops.

Contribute to water and solid surfaces, differently, in the process of absorption of energy. And when it is to absorb the gases of the mixture melted, it accelerate reactions by providing the usual separate locations with concentrations of highly interactive.

I have studied the photochemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere in-depth and wide. Also studied the number of radioactive elements and semi-stable consisting of the interactions, with the determination of the relative impact on the ecosystem and deposits its energy. And secondary pollutants resulting from these processes are the most volatile, and include: - Ozone; Formal Hyde; organic hydrocarbon oxides; PAN; and other elements of the concentrations of radioactive and cause damage, despite the short life radioactive.

In addition to chemical mixing, there are several key factors governing the impact of primary and secondary pollutants, primarily assembly operations around the nucleus of nucleation and condensation, sedimentation and other phenomena of air purification and the factors working to remove particulates in the air. In addition to air operations, which may melt or increase the reactant concentration.

The focus and rally around the nucleus of the natural and industrial sources under standard conditions may lead to a vapor in the atmosphere and accumulation. The bigger the nuclei and combine with other molecules to be so great as to accelerate the deposition. As in chemical reactions, the natural processes associated with different concentrations, and it is unclear the role of the accumulation and deposition in the process of purifying air, except in unusual cases or in relation to large molecules.

Similar to the process of scattering of pollutants in the air with its counterpart in the water, in both cases the size to play center and speed of mixing the solvent role in determining the capacity of local communities. That the air pollution depends on the circumstances of the coup warming, and the strength of advection and vertical, and the degree of disorder occurring and uneven movement of air. Vocation and the case with all weather phenomena (Metrology), it is hereby forces cross Synoptic upper and local topography and other thermal effects.

That climatic factors are the solvent and Alambosrat major pollutants. And when, and where these factors fail to achieve control over the fragmented sources of pollution, control of human activities generating contaminants is an alternative for maintaining the rights and the environment in which they live.

The third topic: Pollution Damage

Of pollution damage to many known and unknown, and vary in degree of impact by type of pollutant and its concentration ratio, duration of exposure to him and the nature of the thing assailed pollutants. Therefore, the precise degree of damage and the direct cause and the real is subject to discussion and argument. With this, studies confirmed the occurrence of the damage the following: --

(1) the extent of vision loss:

It has been observed since ancient times, the impact of pollution on the extent of vision loss through the scattering of light on the surface of solid particles suspended in the air. The size of these atoms link the amount of light arriving at the Earth's surface, as well as the density and thickness of the air mass that they contain, in addition to other natural factors.

And materials scattered light is either a primary pollutants, such as smoke from the burning of fossils, or secondary, such as Smog (combination of fog and smog smog) resulting from the chemical reaction the presence of sunlight. And suffer from several industrial cities, coastal, in particular, a severe shortage of the vision and the thick curtain of fog impede traffic flows and traffic and the practice of various municipal activities.

Elements are between sulfate (5 - 20%) of suspended matter in the atmosphere of cities, so they contribute effectively to lose the vision in it. Studies have shown that the status of Urban Haze of smoke produced by photochemical reactions taking place between the sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbons in the atmosphere and suspended matter in the air. She stressed that the concentrations by (0.1) molecule per million of sulfur dioxide with a relative humidity of (50%) decreased to about the extent of vision (5) miles, hampering air traffic at major airports.

(2) damage to solids:

Direct damage of the structure of solids and cover the surface of buildings and other effects are common and wide. The damage and the increase in the total cost cleaning and maintenance as a result of air pollution damage is not know precisely yet, but is estimated in millions of dollars per mega-city.

Return the damage to many types of pollutants, such as acid mist, sulfur oxides and suspended solids in the air after the deposition surfaces. For industrial processes and the role of incomplete combustion in the discharge of waste into the atmosphere, in addition to secondary pollutants such as ozone and its impacts on rubber products, textile and all these lead to damage in solids.

Elements are sulfur instabilmente for the main damage being inflicted on the solids. The observations that the concentrations of sulfur dioxide by (1 - 2) molecule in a million in the atmosphere caused prolong drying time of coating (paint) by (50 - 100%). Paint the same age and decreasing the presence of sulfur dioxide. And dyes containing metal salts react with the acid sulphate, so the modern paint had been manufactured to be more resistant to the acid.

Sulfur oxides accelerate the corrosion of metals, either Petkunha Kipritia acid in the air or on surfaces of solids. Depending on the type of solid material and duration of exposure, rates of erosion in the urban atmosphere between time and a half to five times more than in the rural environment. The temperature and relative humidity a significant impact on the rate of corrosion. By article, aluminum is relatively resistant to the effects of sulfur dioxide, with this increase when the relative humidity of (70%) in the atmosphere, the process of erosion escalate quickly. The tensile strength of aluminum decreased in the rural areas (1%) in (20) years, whereas in the atmosphere of industrial areas - urban decline by between (14 - 17%) during the same period. Acids and sulfur is capable of abuse in many building materials, including brick and marble and brick, limestone, as well as affected materials made of nylon.

(3) damage to crops:

Impact on many agricultural crops due to air pollution damage to leaves; hinder the growth of the plant ((downsizing or destruction of flowers before pollination)). And some plants are sensitive to certain types of pollutants, therefore, depend on the monitoring programs such as annual blue grass and spinach and Pinto bean and others. Has identified the pollutants responsible for a damage of: ethylene, PAN, sulfur dioxide, acid mist, fluorides, ozone and a number of organic peroxides.

Studies have confirmed that no carbon monoxide effects on plant life when the concentration in the atmosphere is less than (100) molecule in a million and when exposed for a period between (1 - 3) weeks (Wark & Warner 1976). That nitrogen dioxide concentrations by (0.5) million in the molecule in the air for a period (10 - 12) days stop the growth of plants, such as tomatoes and beans. And affected little to the production of oranges subjected to this gas concentrations (0.25 - 1.00) molecule in a million. The effects of nitrogen dioxide over the first nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the same.

(4) damage to human health:

Proven incidents cities Donora, Poza Rica, London, and the Meuse Valley in Belgium that air pollution leads to death with evidence on its impact on human health. That the injury of chronic bronchitis in British cities, and cases of infiltration from the eyes and noses in Los Angeles, and high rates of lung cancer in the mega-cities seem to be associated with air pollution there.

A high Flourosis in the livestock industry to see the dust containing fluoride emitted from some industrial processes. There are signs of the impact of air pollution on enzymes and shifts occurring in the blood chemistry and others. And the fear of diseases caused by the impact of pollution on the poor mental health of many people in industrial cities.

Studies based on the audit of available data and entering hospitals for treatment, and review of private clinics, and absence from work, study and deaths and compare them statistically with the concentrations of various pollutants in the air during the same period of time. The analysis pointed to a link between increased concentrations of solid particles in the air and further revised in hospitals and clinics to treat respiratory tract infections ((bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia)), heart disease and others. Also recorded an increase in the number of deaths of elderly patients with respiratory disease at the unusual increase of pollutants in the air and for more than one day. Evidence is growing daily on the impact of solid particles in the atmosphere and nature of cancer, especially when associated with high concentrations of smoke.

Studies have shown a link between the concentrations of carbon monoxide with functional alterations and diseases leading to the inevitable death of Sam and that depriving the body of oxygen necessary for life. That exposure to carbon monoxide has a full Alimoklopin made entirely by (1: 200) - (1 - 250) of exposure to oxygen. Fortunately for the man that when cessation of exposure to this gas, the blood Itnqy gradually than half the amount of carbon monoxide after (3) or (4) hours.

That exposure to a (8) hours or more between the concentrations (10 - 15) molecule per million of carbon monoxide were normal in the streets of major urban centers, such exposure may lead to increased concentrations (2.5%). High concentrations may lead to psychological pressure and heart disease. Cases have been recorded deaths with high concentrations of carbon monoxide in the city of Los Angeles. The ratio (100) molecule in a million is the maximum allowable exposure for maintaining the health, after this point begins the individual sense of headache and nausea. Also, the cigarette smoke contains (400 - 450) molecule per million of carbon monoxide. Many scientists believe that carbon monoxide is not a poison gas accumulates in the human body, so the exposure for a long time and result in low concentrations in the body.

Did not study also examined other pollutants, sulfur dioxide, however, there still are many questions relating to impacts on human health by unanswered, and to link present with the solid particles suspended in the air, and humidity as well. Therefore, the separation of the impact of each of them is not easy. Most of the people affected by the second sulfur dioxide concentrations (5) molecule in a million or more, and others ((most sensitive)) may be affected by lower rates (1 - 2) molecule in a million. Sulfuric acid, and more impact on the rights of sulfur dioxide. For this reason, studies focused on analysis of more than sulfur dioxide sulfur alone. Also, for the same reason, the link between exposure to him for a long time and chronic diseases leading to death or die because of it is not clear. However, the gas is sharp; Gorge; irritant and the candidate and its impact on the top of the respiratory tract and clear even when the exposure of short duration.

In a study on the relationship between audit hospitals for patients with asthma and found a link with the concentrations of sulfur dioxide and not smoke. Have been generated when convinced many researchers that the levels of sulfur dioxide and suspended particles in the air as an indicator of air pollution and not Kmspbat of the disease. But evidence has confirmed the link between these pollutants and childhood respiratory disease (Wark & Warner 1976).

Studies have shown a high incidence of cancer of the airways when exposed to the substance of Alastpsos Asbestos. In addition, the pollution may count a causal factor for a number of cancers affecting the respiratory system, not to mention the damage caused to skin and eyes. Studies also indicate that exposure to metallic mercury vapor may cause damage to the central nervous system and the college. That mercury accumulates in the human body, causing brain damage and progressive poisoning.

Of a transferee. D. Harmful Khalil Omar Kilani